Correlation between Oral Contraceptive Use and the Incidence of Cervical Cancer
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the cervix and is the second most common type of cancer experienced by women in the world. Causes of cervical cancer include HPV infection, use of oral contraceptives, age of marriage, parity and exposure to cigarette smoke. This study aims to determine the correlation between oral contraceptive use and the incidence of cervical cancer. This literature study research involved secondary data derived from the Google Scholar, Research Gate and Science Direct databases. The keywords applied in the study were oral contraceptives, birth control pills AND cervical cancer. The journals involved were searched for similarities, dissimilarities and compared to one another. As mentioned in 11 journals, long-term use of oral contraceptives of ≥5 years could increase the risk of cervical cancer. Furthermore, three journals stated the grade of cervical precancerous lesions of CIN 2/3 as the risk factor of cervical cancer, and two journals stated the grade of cervical cancer of stage 2/2+ as the risk factor of cervical cancer. Based on the chi-square test results, 4 journals presented a significance value (p-value) of <0.05, which indicated a correlation between oral contraceptives and the incidence of cervical cancer. 9 other journals found the highest OR value = 9.11 and the lowest OR = 1.50 which meant that women who used Oral contraceptives were 9 times more at risk of developing cervical cancer. Oral contraceptive use was associated with cervical cancer based on the duration of use of more than 5 years and led to a risk of causing CIN 2/3 among women. There were other factors that could affect the incidence of cervical cancer, namely age of marriage, parity and exposure to cigarette smoke.
How to Cite
Views / Downloads
Files
License
Authors who publish with Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License.
Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License
You are free to:
- Share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
References
Februanti S. Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Pasien Kanker Serviks: Terintegrasi Dengan Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia (SDKI), Standar Luaran Keperawatan Indonesia (SLKI), Dan Standar Intervensi Keperawatan Indonesia (SIKI) PPNI. Deepublish; 2019.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Profil kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2016. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2016.
Raidanti D, Wahidin. Efek Kb Suntik 3 Bulan (DMPA) Terhadap Berat Badan. Literasi Nusantara; 2021.
Putra ON, Faizah AK, Sari AK. Analysis Of Factors Related To Knowledge Of Oral Contraceptives At Several Pharmacies In East Surabaya. 2021;12(1):11.
Hartanto H. Keluarga Berencana dan Kontrasepsi. In Pustaka Sinar Harapan; 2015.
Sulistiya DP, Pramono D, Nurdiati D. Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Kanker Serviks di Rumah Sakit Sardjito Yogyakarta. BKM. 2017;33(3):125–30.
Kusmiyati Y, Prasistyami A, Wahyuningsih HP, Widyasih H, Adnani QES. Duration of Hormonal Contraception and Risk of Cervical Cancer. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal) [Internet]. 2019 Aug 1 [cited 2022 May 19];14(1). Available from: https://www.journal.fkm.ui.ac.id/kesmas/article/view/2713
Xu H, Egger S, Velentzis LS, O’Connell DL, Banks E, Brown JD, et al. Hormonal contraceptive use and smoking as risk factors for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in unvaccinated women aged 30–44 years: A case-control study in New South Wales, Australia - ScienceDirect [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 May 19]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1877782118302339
Saleem A, Bekele A, Fitzpatrick MB, Mahmoud EA, Lin AW, Velasco HE, et al. Knowledge And Awareness Of Cervical Cancer In South Western Ethiopia Is Lacking: A Descriptive Analysis. Plos One. 2019;14(11).
Department of Cytology & Gynaecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education. Guidelines for Cervical Cancer Screening Programme. Chandigarh, India; 2018.
Darusman LK, Irmanida. Domestikasi Buah Merah. PT Penerbit IPB Press; 2019. 92 p.
Iversen L, Fielding S, Lidegaard O, Hannaford PC. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception And Cervical Cancer In Women Of Reproductive Age - Iversen - 2021 - International Journal of Cancer. 2021;149(4).
Dewi IGAAN, Sawitri AAS, Mahayati NMD, Lindayani IKL. Faktor Risiko Lesi Prakanker Leher Rahim (Serviks). Penerbit Qiara Media; 2021. 63 p.
Musfirah M. Faktor Risiko Kejadian Kanker Serviks Di RSUP Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar. jkesmas. 2019 Jun 14;4(1):1.
Khatun SF, Khatun S, Hossain AKMF, Nahar K. Prolonged Use Of Oral Contraceptive Pill, A Co-Factor For The Development Of Cervical Cancer. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical Univ J. 2018 Sep 1;11(3):222.
Arfailasufandi R, Mudigdo A, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Sudiyanto A, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret. The Effect of Obesity, Oral Contraceptive and Passive Smoking on the Risk of Cervical Cancer. J EPIDEMIOL PUBLIC HEALT. 2019;4(3):189–97.
Getinet M, Taye M, Ayinalem A, Gitie M. Precancerous Lesions of the Cervix and Associated Factors among Women of East Gojjam, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020. Cancer Manag Res. 2021 Dec 29;13:9401–10.
Santoso EB. Hubungan Usia Pertama Menikah Dengan Kejadian Kanker Serviks Di Poli Kandungan RSUD X. 2021;
Mawaddah S, Susanti ID. View of Hubungan Paritas,Usia Perkawinan Dengan Resiko Lesi Prakanker Serviks Pada Pasangan Usia Subur Di Kelurahan Petuk Bukit [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Mar 7]. Available from: http://www.ejournalbidan.poltekkes-kaltim.ac.id/ojs/index.php/midwifery/article/view/136/87
Attya AM, Ali AE, AbdelSalam HS, Abdelwahab MM. Frequency of Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia in Oral Contraceptive Pills Users in Zagazig University Hospitals. Zagazig University Medical Journal. 2020 Jul 1;26(4):590-7.
Utomo F, Afandi A, Rivai SB. Korelasi Durasi Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Oral Dan Stadium Kanker Serviks Di Rsud Arifin Achmad Provinsi Riau. Collaborative Medical Journal (CMJ). 2020 Jan 21;3(1):24–31.
Mustikarani IK. Hubungan Lama Penggunaan Alat Kontrasepsi Oral (Pil Kb) Dan Intrauterine Device (Iud) Terhadap Resiko Kanker Serviks Di Puskesmas Ngoresan Surakarta. Jurnal Keperawatan Malang. 2020 Dec 30;5(2):72–9.
Skorstengaard M, Lynge E, Napolitano G, Blaakær J, Bor P. Risk Of Precancerous Cervical Lesions In Women Using A Hormone-Containing Intrauterine Device And Other Contraceptives: A Register-Based Cohort Study From Denmark. Human Reproduction. 2021 Jun 18;36(7):1796–807.
Idris IM, Angka RN, Christina S, Sumbayak EM. Aktivitas Seksual Usia Dini dan Paritas Tinggi Meningkatkan Risiko Kanker Serviks. Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek. 2021 Sep 30;27(3):306–16.
Similar Articles
Similar Articles
- Aflinda Yenti, Damhuji Damhuji, Handreni Yulian Safitri, The Relationship between Frequency of Consumption of Cariogenic Foods and DMF-T Index in 12-Year-Old Children , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 3 (2023): November
- Nurlailah Umar, Fitria Masulili, Baiq Emy Nurmalisa, Analisis Kesesuaian Prosedur Tindakan Resusitasi pada Neonatus dengan Asfiksia di Ruang Peristi RSU Anutapura Palu: Analysis of The Suitability of Neonatal Resuscitation Procedures with Birth Asphyxia at High Risk Patients Room of Anutapura General Hospital , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 14 No. 1 (2020): May
- Naufal Jihad Alfalah, Dita Hasni, Budi Yulhasfi Febrianto, Nilas warlem, Hubungan Obesitas dengan Kejadian Hipertensi pada Perempuan Minangkabau , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 15 No. 4 (2022): February
- Rani Ardina, Nuria Muliani, The Influence of Group Therapy on Personal Hygiene Improvement for Grade 7 Students , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 2 (2023): August
- Ita Roossinta, Sebastiana Viphindrartin, Iwan Dewanto, Community Behavior in The Use of Jampersal in Jember Regency (Phenomenological at Puskesmas Gladak Pakem and Puskesmas Mumbulsari) , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 2 (2023): August
- Threo Wanda Marten, Abdul Razak, Eri Barlian, Eni Kamal, Effect of Using Cow Dung as Organic Fish Pellets , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 4 (2024): February
- Muliani, Gusman, Tasya Nurlaila Dilla, EFEKTIFITAS KOMBINASI PERAWATAN PAYUDARA DAN PIJAT OKSITOSIN TERHADAP PRODUKSI ASI PADA IBU POST PARTUM DI BPM SETIA , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 12 No. 2 (2018): October
- Hilda Emma Mallisa, Aryadi Arsyad, Irfan Idris, Pengaruh Cahaya LED Putih di Malam Hari Terhadap Kadar Malondialdehyde (MDA) Otak dan Histopatologi Sel CA3 dan CA1 Hipokampus Pada Tikus Wistar Jantan , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 15 No. 2 (2021): August
- Suhaimi Fauzan, Kharisma Aji Martadi, Ikbal Fradianto, Muhammad Ali Maulana, Herman Herman, Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Hemoglobin Levels among CKD Patients undergoing Hemodialysis , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 16 No. 4 (2023): February
- Baharuddin Condeng, Effects of Counseling on the Quality of Life of MDR Lung TB Patients , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 1 (2023): May
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
