Nutritional Status, ART Adherence, and Household Food Security among Children Living with HIV During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Urban Indonesia
Abstract
Background: In this study, we aimed to describe the nutritional status, antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, and household food security among children living with HIV (CLHIV) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. CLHIV are a vulnerable population facing clinical and socio-economic challenges that may affect treatment continuity and nutritional outcomes. The pandemic further disrupted access to food and healthcare services, particularly among low-income households. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia, between 2021 and 2022. A total of 23 children living with HIV were included using purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured online interviews with parents or primary caregivers. Study variables included socioeconomic characteristics, nutritional status, antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, and household food security. ART adherence was assessed using the Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale (ARMS), while household food security was measured using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Nutritional status was classified based on national standards aligned with WHO growth references. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests to assess associations between variables. Results: Among the participants, 43.5% of children had normal nutritional status, while 30.4% were undernourished and 26.1% were overweight. More than half of caregivers reported non-adherence to ART (56.5%), and 52.2% of households experienced food insecurity. A significant association was found between household income and nutritional status (p<0.05). Conclusion: Nutritional vulnerability, ART non-adherence, and household food insecurity remain prevalent among children living with HIV in this setting. Household economic conditions appear to play an important role in nutritional outcomes. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size and cross-sectional design. Integrated interventions addressing medical care, nutrition, and socioeconomic support are needed. Future studies with larger samples and more robust designs are recommended.
How to Cite
Views / Downloads
License
Authors who publish with Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License.
Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License
You are free to:
- Share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
References
(UNDP), U. N. D. P. (2021). Goal 2. Zero Hunger. Retrieved November 30, 2021, from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) website: https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals/zero-hunger
Aguilera, T., & Jatmiko, Y. A. (2022). Pemodelan Tingkat Kerawanan Pangan Rumah Tangga di Indonesia Tahun 2021 dengan Pendekatan Regresi Logistik Ordinal. Indonesian Journal of Applied Statistics, 5(2), 90–108. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.13057/ijas.v5i2.65141
Andanalusia, M., Athiyah, U., & Nita, Y. (2019). Medication adherence in diabetes mellitus patients at Tanjung Karang Primary Health Care Center, Mataram. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 30 (6). https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0287
Angelo, A. T., & Alemayehu, D. S. (2021). Adherence and its associated factors among adult hiv-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in South Western Ethiopia, 2020. Patient Preference and Adherence, 15, 299–308. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S298594
Ballard, T., Kepple, A., & Cafiero, C. (2013). The food insecurity experience scale: development of a global standard for monitoring hunger worldwide. Technical Paper, (October), 1–16. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/voices/en/%0Ahttp://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ess/voh/FIES_Technical_Paper_v1.1.pdf
Benzekri, N. A., Sambou, J. F., Ndong, S., Diallo, M. B., Tamba, I. T., Faye, D., … Gottlieb, G. S. (2021). The impact of food insecurity on HIV outcomes in Senegal, West Africa: a prospective longitudinal study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10444-1
Cafiero, C., Gheri, F., & Viviani, S. (2024). Validating the food insecurity experience scale for use in analyses of recent food insecurity. Global Food Security, 42(May), 100783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100783
Golucci, A. P. B. S., Marson, F. A. L., Valente, M. F. F., Branco, M. M., Prado, C. C., & Nogueira, R. J. N. (2019). Influence of AIDS antiretroviral therapy on the growth pattern. Jornal de Pediatria, 95(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2018.02.006
Gratao, L. H. A., Do Nascimento, G. N. L., & Pereira, R. J. (2021). Effects of haart in the nutritional status of children and adolescents infected by HIV in Brazil: A systematic review. Ciencia e Saude Coletiva, 26(4), 1345–1354. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021264.13862018
Habibah, A. F. (2020). Bank Dunia: Keterjangkauan jadi tantangan ketahanan pangan RI. Retrieved November 30, 2021, from ANTARA website: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1900092/bank-dunia-keterjangkauan-jadi-tantangan-ketahanan-pangan-ri
Hasanah, E. A., Heryanto, M. A., Hapsari, H., Noor, T. I., ., & . (2021). Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Pengeluaran Pangan Rumah Tangga Miskin Perkotaan: Studi Kasus Keluarahan Ciroyom, Kecamatan Andir, Kota Bandung. Mimbar Agribisnis: Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis, 7(2), 1560. https://doi.org/10.25157/ma.v7i2.5492
Indrawanti, R., Arguni, E., Laksanawati, I. S., Puspitasari, D., Husada, D., ., & . (2021). Status gizi dan gambaran klinis penyakit pada pasien HIV anak awal terdiagnosis. 17(3), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.62154
Kemenkes RI. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 21 Tahun 2013 Tentang Penanggulangan HIV dan AIDS. , Kemenkes RI § (2013). Indonesia.
Kemenkes RI. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No.2 tahun 2020 tentang standar antropometri anak.pdf. , (2020). Indonesia.
Kementeria Kesehatan. (2011). Pedoman Nasional Tatalaksana Klinis Infeksi HIV dan Terapi Antiretroviral pada orang Dewasa dan Remaja. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan. Retrieved from https://www.kebijakanaidsindonesia.net/id/dokumen-kebijakan?task=download.send&id=666&catid=14&m=0
Kripalani, S., Risser, J., Gatti, M. E., & Jacobson, T. A. (2009). Development and evaluation of the Adherence to Refills and Medications scale (ARMS) among low-literacy patients with chronic disease. Value in Health, 12(1), 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00400.x
Lyons, C., Ching, J., Tran, D. N., Kafu, C., Wachira, J., Koros, H., … Genberg, B. (2024). Social, economic and food insecurity among people living with HIV in Kenya during coinciding public health and environmental emergencies: a mixed-methods study. BMJ Public Health, 2(2), e000836. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000836
McLinden, T., Stover, S., & Hogg, R. S. (2020). HIV and Food Insecurity: A Syndemic Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. AIDS and Behavior, 24(10), 2766–2769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02904-3
Obeagu, E. I., Blessing, C., Okwuanaso, Edoho, S. H., Obeagu, G., & Uzoma. (2021). Under-nutrition among HIV-exposed Uninfected Children: A Review of African Perspective. Madonna University Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 32(3), 167–186. Retrieved from https://journal.madonnauniversity.edu.ng/index.php/medicine/article/view/85/90
Pusdatin Kemenkes RI. (2018). Situasi umum HIV/AIDS dan tes HIV berdasarkan laporan SIHA tahun 2013-2017. Infodatin pusat data dan informasi kementerian kesehatan. Jakarta.
Shallangwa, M. M., Dibal, N. I., Bhandari, M., Musa, S. S., Bello, H. M., & . (2023). Malnutrition and its associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) in resource limited settings: A single-centred study. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 24(September), 101423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101423
SMERU. (2021). Situasi Kemiskinan Selama Pandemi. Retrieved July 26, 2021, from Smeru Research Institute website: https://smeru.or.id/id/article-id/situasi-kemiskinan-selama-pandemi
Soemijarto, T., Nurhayatun, E., & Putri, D. (2024). The Relationship Between Knowledge Level and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among HIV Patients. Medical Science and Hospital Management Journal, 2(4), 129–134. Retrieved from https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/smjmhs/article/view/98394/
Srikartika, V. M., Aulia, R., & Intannia, D. (2019). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kepatuhan Pasien HIV/AIDS Rawat Jalan dalam Pengobatan Terapi Antiretroviral (ART) di Rumah Sakit Dr.H.Moch.Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin. Jurnal Pharmascience, 6(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.20527/jps.v6i1.6081
Widyawati. (2020). Kampanye Bulan Viral Load: Pentingnya Mengetahui Status Pengobatan ARV pada ODHA Melalui Pemeriksaan Viral Load HIV. Retrieved September 29, 2020, from Biro Komunikasi dan Pelayanan Masyarakat, Kementerian Kesehatan RI website: https://kemkes.go.id/id/kampanye-bulan-viral-load-pentingnya-mengetahui-status-pengobatan-arv-odha-melalui-pemeriksaan-viral-load-hiv
Yusuf, A. M., Alfia, E., & Irawan, A. M. A. (2020). “Vegetables Everyday”: Indeks Kualitas Diet Ibu dengan HIV/AIDS di Ikatan Perempuan Positif Indonesia (IPPI). JURNAL Al-AZHAR INDONESIA SERI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI, 5(4), 191. https://doi.org/10.36722/sst.v5i4.405
Yusuf, A. M., Tenrisau, D., Hidayanti, H., Ibrahim, A. H., Bahar, A., Sarifudin, S., … Alfiah, E. (2022). Family Vulnerability and Children’ Nutritional Status during COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region, 5(2), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphtcr.v5i2.13758
Zhu, P. H., Mhango, S. N., Vinnakota, A., Mansour, M., Coss-Bu, J. A., & Coss-Bu, J. A. (2022). Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Nutritional Status, Feeding Practices, and Access to Food Among Infants and Children in Lower and Middle-Income Countries: a Narrative Review. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 9(4), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-022-00271-8
Similar Articles
Similar Articles
- Nurbaya Nurbaya, Najdah Najdah, Food Security Status and Coping Strategies Among Adolescents During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Mamuju , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 1 (2023): May
- Reny Rahmawati, Ida Nurwati, Budiyanti Wiboworini, Association Between Eating Habit, Sedentary Lifestyle, and Place of Living with Nutritional Status Among College Students at Sebelas Maret University , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 2 (2023): August
- Suaebah Suaebah, Jurianto Gambir, Pemanfaatan Mistar Gizi sebagai Media Pengukur Status Gizi untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Kader Dalam Menentukan Status Gizi Balita , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 14 No. 1 (2020): May
- Henrick Sampeanggin, Yulianus Gandeng, Heru Supriyatno, Provision of Peanuts as Additional Food in Stunting Prevention for Pregnant Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 4 (2024): February
- Hasni, Sova Evie, Nurmiaty, Enggar, Alfrida Semuel Ra'bung, Saman, Dwi Yogyo Suswinarto, Azwar, The Relationship Between Cigarette Smoke Exposure, Nutritional Status, and Preschool Children's Development , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 19 No. 1 (2025)
- Fahmi Hafid, Nasrul Nasrul, Adhyanti Adhyanti, Bohari Bohari, Social and Health Determinants of the Families of Children Under Two Years of Age with Stunting in Sigi District , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 1 (2023): May
- Erwani Erwani, Dewi Susanti, Alsri Windra Doni, Rahmi Andrita Yuda, Meyi Yanti, Determining the Role of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Nutritional Status in Stunting Prevention: A Literature Review , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 3 (2023): November
- Wahyuni Maria Prasetyo Hutomo, Iqbal Pramukti, Sheizi Prista Sari , Relationship Between Age, Gender, and Marital Status with The Intention to Disclose HIV Status Among PLHIV , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 4 (2024): February
- Agus Hendra Al Rahmad, Ichsan Ichsan, Ratna Wilis, Implementation of Android Platform Application "PSG Balita" ISO/IEC 25010 Standardized to Improve Nutritional Status Data for Toddler , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 17 No. 1 (2023): May
- Iis Sopiah Suryani, Lina Marlina, Ana Ikhsan Hidayatulloh, Ai Rahmawati, Factors Affecting the Adherence of People Living with HIV/AIDS on Antiretroviral Treatment in Tasikmalaya City , Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan: Vol. 19 No. 2 (2025)
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
