The Relationship Between Body Mass Index (BMI) And Walking Speed in Users of SACH Foot Designed Transtibial Prosthesis
https://doi.org/10.33860/jik.v20i1.4236
Keywords:
Body mass index, walking speed, transtibial prosthesis, SACH footAbstract
Background: Walking speed is an important indicator for assessing mobility in prosthesis users. One factor suspected to influence walking speed is Body Mass Index (BMI). This study aims to determine the relationship between BMI and walking speed in transtibial prosthesis users with a SACH (Solid Ankle Cushion Heel) foot design.
Methods: This observational study used a cross-sectional approach and was conducted at Klinik Bangkit Kaki Palsu from January to June 2025. A total of 15 subjects were selected using purposive sampling from a population of 40 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. BMI was calculated from body weight and height measurements, while walking speed was assessed using the 10-Meter Walk Test on a 14-meter walkway. Data normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the correlation analysis was performed using the Pearson Product Moment test.
Results: The results showed that the majority of subjects were aged 26–35 years (53.3%), male (66.7%), and had a normal BMI (80%). The average walking speed between male and female subjects did not differ significantly. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between BMI and walking speed, with a correlation coefficient of 0.590 and a p-value of 0.020 (p < 0.05), indicating a moderate positive relationship.
Conclusion: This study concludes that there is a significant relationship between BMI and walking speed in transtibial prosthesis users with a SACH foot design. These findings support the importance of considering BMI in prosthesis design and adjustment to enhance walking efficiency and user comfort.
References
Hof, A. L. (2008). The ‘extrapolated center of mass’ concept suggests a simple control of balance in walking. Human Movement Science, 27(1), 112–125. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2007.08.003
Hsu, M. J., Nielsen, D. H., Lin-Chan, S. J., & Shurr, D. (2006). The effects of prosthetic foot design on transtibial amputee gait. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(6), 725–738. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2005.08.0139
Jabre, J. F., & Bland, J. D. P. (2021). Body mass index changes: An assessment of the effects of age and gender using the e-Norms method. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 21(1), 1–7. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01222-z
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2019). Laporan nasional Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/id/eprint/3514/
McDonald, C. L., Kramer, P. A., Morgan, S. J., Halsne, E. G., Cheever, S. M., & Hafner, B. J. (2018). Energy expenditure in people with transtibial amputation walking with crossover and energy storing prosthetic feet. Gait & Posture, 62, 349–354. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.040
Perry, J., & Burnfield, J. M. (2010). Gait analysis: Normal and pathological function (2nd ed.). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated. https://www.slackbooks.com/details.cfm?ID=760
Putri, A., Santoso, A., & Nugroho, T. (2022). Hubungan indeks massa tubuh terhadap efisiensi gait pada pengguna prostesis. Jurnal Rehabilitasi Medik, 15(2), 73–79. https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/
Ravensbergen, H. J. C., van der Woude, L. H. V., & van der Linden, M. L. (2021). Age-related changes in muscle mass and gait efficiency in lower-limb amputees. Clinical Biomechanics, 87, 105324. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105324
Resnik, L., & Borgia, M. (2011). Reliability of outcome measures for people with lower-limb amputation: Distinguishing true change from statistical error. Physical Therapy, 91(4), 555–565. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100287
Sawers, A., & Hafner, B. J. (2013). Outcomes associated with energy storage and return prosthetic feet in individuals with unilateral transtibial amputation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 50(7), 899–910. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2012.08.0147
Spyropoulos, P., Pisciotta, J. C., Pavlou, K. N., Cairns, M. A., & Simon, S. R. (1991). Biomechanical gait analysis in obese men. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 72(13), 1065–1070. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1741549/
Suh, Y., Kim, K., & Lee, S. (2019). Energy cost of walking in transtibial amputees using different prosthetic foot designs. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 56(3), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2017.11.0174
Sushama, A. R. D., Varghese, J., Guite, T., & Zachariah, G. (2025). Comparison of shock absorption and energy expenditure between unilateral transtibial amputees using Jaipur and SACH feet: A cross-sectional analysis. Indian Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 35(2), 81–86. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpmr.ijpmr_78_24
Torburn, L., Powers, C. M., Guiterrez, R., & Perry, J. (1990). Energy expenditure during ambulation in dysvascular and traumatic below-knee amputees: A comparison of five prosthetic feet. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 27(2), 111–119. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2324851/
Waters, R. L., & Mulroy, S. (1999). The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait. Gait & Posture, 9(3), 207–231. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00009-0
Winter, D. A. (2009). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Biomechanics+and+Motor+Control+of+Human+Movement%2C+4th+Edition-p-9780470398180
World Health Organization. (2017). Standards for prosthetics and orthotics. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241512480
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License.
Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License
You are free to:
- Share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
